Consented, p.26
Consented, page 26
5 Nadine Thornhill, “Why I’m Not Always Enthusiastic About Enthusiastic Consent,” posted September 21, 2020, by Nadine Thornhill, YouTube, 6 min., 35 sec., www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAvWRaXm3iE.
6 “History of the Sonoma Developmental Center Site,” SDC Specific Plan, accessed October 1, 2023, www.sdcspecificplan.com/site-history.
7 Phil Barber, “How Sonoma County Became the Dark Center of America’s Forced Sterilization Movement,” Press Democrat, November 4, 2021, www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/how-sonoma-county-became-the-dark-center-of-americas-forced-sterilization.
8 Joann Rodgers, “Hysterectomy Is the Second Most Frequently Performed Major Operation. Should It Be So Frequent?,” New York Times, September 21, 1975, www.nytimes.com/1975/09/21/archives/hysterectomy-is-the-second-most-frequently-performed-major.html.
9 Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty, 2nd ed. (Vintage Books, 2017), 17–23.
10 Rodgers, “Hysterectomy.”
11 Karen Stamm collection of Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA) records, Sophia Smith Collection, SSC-MS-00811, Smith College Special Collections, accessed October 30, 2023, https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/1635.
12 Elaine M. Howle, Sterilization of Female Inmates: Report 2013–120 (California State Auditor, 2014), www.auditor.ca.gov/pdfs/reports/2013-120.pdf.
13 Molly O’Toole, “19 Women Allege Medical Abuse in Georgia Immigration Detention,” Los Angeles Times, October 20, 2022, www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-10-22/women-allege-medical-abuse-georgia-immigration-detention.
14 Project South, Re: Lack of Medical Care, Unsafe Work Practices, and Absence of Adequate Protection Against COVID-19 for Detained Immigrants and Employees Alike at the Irwin County Detention Center (Project South, 2020), 18–19, https://projectsouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/OIG-ICDC-Complaint-1.pdf.
15 Lydia A. Bazzano, Jaquail Durant, and Paula R. Brantley, “A Modern History of Informed Consent and the Role of Key Information,” Ochsner Journal 21, no. 1 (2021): 81–85, https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.19.0105.
16 “Reproductive Rights: ‘Fetal Rights’–Enforced Medical Advice–Cesareans,” September 1987, H MS c261, box 83, Boston Women’s Health Book Collective subject files, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/med00085c06907/catalog (hereafter cited as Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, “Enforced Medical Advice”).
17 “Reproductive Rights: ‘Fetal Rights’–Substance Use as Fetal Abuse,” Winter 1992, H MS c261, box 83, Boston Women’s Health Book Collective subject files, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/med00085c06909/catalog.
18 Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, “Enforced Medical Advice.”
19 Molly Redden, “New York Hospital’s Secret Policy Led to Woman Being Given C-Section Against Her Will,” Guardian, October 5, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/05/new-york-staten-island-university-hospital-c-section-ethics-medicine.
20 Justia US Law, “Dray v Staten Is. Univ. Hosp.,” Justia, https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-second-department/2018/2015-12064.html.
21 Alex Ronan, “Why More American Women Could Be Forced to Get C-Sections,” Elle, February 1, 2024, www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a46411148/american-women-forced-c-section-interview-2024.
22 Marina Dunbar, “Pregnant Texas Teen Died After Three ER Visits Due to Impact of Abortion Ban,” Guardian, November 1, 2024, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/nov/01/teen-dies-abortion-ban-texas-neveah-crain.
23 D. E. Szilagyi, J. H. Hageman, R. F. Smith, and J. P. Elliott, “Spinal Cord Damage in Surgery of the Abdominal Aorta,” Surgery 83, no. 1 (1978): 38–56, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/619471.
24 Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees, 154 Cal. App. 2d 560, 317 P.2d 170 (1957).
25 “Malpractice: Ob/gyn,” November/December 1990, H MS c261, box 65, Boston Women’s Health Book Collective subject files, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/med00085c06225/catalog.
26 Zed Zha, “Informed patient consent has come a long way since 1957. Yet we still see stories like pelvic exams performed on anesthetized patients, etc. Have you ever felt you were not adequately informed of a medical procedure or treatment? Please comment if comfortable. #AskThePatient,” X, September 23, 2023, https://x.com/DrZedZha/status/1705681926122533307 (hereafter cited as: Zha, “Informed patient consent”).
27 Edward L. Raab, “The Parameters of Informed Consent,” Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 102 (2004): 225–32, https://aosonline.org/assets/xactions/2004/1545-6110_v102_p225.pdf.
28 Maurizio Catino, “Why Do Doctors Practice Defensive Medicine? The Side Effects of Medical Litigation,” Safety Science Monitor 15, no. 1 (2011): 1–12, www.researchgate.net/publication/228471835.
29 Katherine Spillar and the editors of Ms., eds., 50 Years of Ms. (Knopf Doubleday, 2023), 141–43.
30 Megan Malone-Franklin, “What You Should Know About Cervical Exams During Pregnancy,” Riverbend Birth (blog), July 2, 2021, www.pittsburghbirthservices.com/blog/cervical-exams-during-pregnancy.
31 Cara Terreri, “Check Your Cervix at Prenatal Appointments? You Don’t Have To—Here’s Why Some Decline,” Lamaze International, September 25, 2020, www.lamaze.org/Giving-Birth-with-Confidence/GBWC-Post/check-your-cervix-at-prenatal-appointments-you-dont-have-to-heres-why-some-decline-1.
32 Angela Haupt, “6 Things to Do if Your Doctor Isn’t Listening to You,” Time, September 11, 2023, https://time.com/6312720/what-to-do-if-your-doctor-isnt-listening-to-you.
33 Jennifer Tsai, “Medical Students Regularly Practice Pelvic Exams on Unconscious Patients. Should They?,” Elle, June 24, 2019, www.elle.com/life-love/a28125604/nonconsensual-pelvic-exams-teaching-hospitals.
34 K. Kaur, S. Salwi, K. McNew, N. Kumar, H. Millimet, N. Ravichandran, et al., “Medical Student Perspectives on the Ethics of Pelvic Exams Under Anesthesia: A Multi-Institutional Study,” Journal of Surgical Education 79, no. 6 (2022): 1413–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.05.015.
35 Lori Bruce, Ivar R. Hannikainen, and Brian D. Earp, “New Findings on Unconsented Intimate Exams Suggest Racial Bias and Gender Parity,” Hastings Center Report 52, no. 2 (2022): 7–9, https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1349.
36 Samantha L. Seybold, “Not just ‘bodies with vaginas’: A Kantian Defense of Pelvic Exam Consent Laws,” Bioethics 36, no. 9 (2022): 940–47, https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13084.
37 NBC News, “More Than 3.5 Million Patients Given Pelvic Exams Without Consent, Study Estimates,” news segment, September 19, 2023, www.nbcnews.com/nightlv-news/video/more-than-3-5-million-patients-given-pelvic-exams-without-consent-studv-estimates-193321541876.
38 M. M. Bottrell, H. Alpert, R. L. Fischbach, and L. L. Emanuel, “Hospital Informed Consent for Procedure Forms: Facilitating Quality Patient-Physician Interaction,” Archives of Surgery 135, no. 1 (2000): 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.135.1.26.
39 Monica Yu and Herbert P von Schroeder, “‘Uninformed’ Consent: Patient Recollection from Surgical Consent in Hand Surgery—A Quality Improvement Initiative,” Hand 16, no. 4 (2021): 528–34, https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944719873146.
40 Mein, A. Alaani, and R. V. Jones, “Consent for Mastoidectomy: A Patient’s Perspective,” Auris Nasus Larynx 34, no. 4 (2007): 505–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2007.03.010.
41 “Physician-Patient Relationship 1990-,” June 1995, H MS c261, box 77, Boston Women’s Health Book Collective subject files, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/med00085c06762/catalog.
42 H. C. Lyon Jr., J. V. Henderson Jr., J. R. Beck, A. G. Mulley Jr., M. J. Barry, F. J. Fowler Jr., et al., “A Multipurpose Interactive Videodisc with Ethical, Legal, Medical, Educational and Research Implications: The Informed Patient Decision-Making Procedure,” Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, November 8, 1989, 1043–45, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2245597.
43 J. J. Reeves, K. L. Mekeel, R. S. Waterman, L. R. Rhodes, B. J. Clay, B. M. Clary, et al., “Association of Electronic Surgical Consent Forms with Entry Error Rates,” JAMA Surgery 155, no. 8 (2020): 777–78, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2020.1014.
44 R. Wong, M. I. Hussain, S. Toh, C. Rao, and E. R. St. John, “Digital and Paper Consent Errors,” British Journal of Surgery 111, no. 1 (2024): znad358, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znad358.
45 L. B. Ellis, J. Barcroft, E. St. John, D. Loughran, M. Kyrgiou, and D. Phelps, “Digital Consent in Gynecology: An Evaluation of Patient Experience,” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 309, no. 2 (2024): 611–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07304-1.
46 R. St. John, A. Ezzat, N. Holford, H. Rizki, K. Hogben, D. R. Leff, “Digital Consent to Improve Patient Perception of Shared Decision-making: Comparative Study Between Paper and Digital Consent Processes in Patients Undergoing Breast Surgery,” British Journal of Surgery 109, no. 11 (2022): 1172–73, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znac285.
47 R. Dyke, E. St. John, H. Shah, J. Walker, D. Loughran, R. Anakwe, et al., “Comparing Shared Decision Making Using a Paper and Digital Consent Process. A Multi-Site, Single Centre Study in a Trauma and Orthopaedic Department,” Surgeon 21, no. 4 (2023): 235–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2022.05.004.
48 Yu and von Schroeder, “‘Uninformed’ Consent.”
49 Salgo, 154 Cal. App. 2d 560.
50 B. Hanganu, M. Iorga, I. D. Muraru, and B. G. Ioan, “Reasons for and Facilitating Factors of Medical Malpractice Complaints. What Can Be Done to Prevent Them?,” Medicina 56, no. 6 (2020): 259, https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56060259.
51 “OPINION 2.1.1 Informed Consent,” AMA Code of Medical Ethics, accessed February 20, 2024, https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/informed-consent.
52 “What Is Informed Consent?,” American Cancer Society, accessed February 20, 2024, www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/making-treatment-decisions/informed-consent/what-is-informed-consent.html; and “Quick Safety 21: Informed Consent: More Than Getting a Signature,” The Joint Commission, last modified April 2022, accessed February 20, 2024, www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/newsletters/newsletters/quick-safety/quick-safety--issue-21-informed--consent-more-than-getting-a-signature/informed-consent-more-than-getting-a-signature.
53 L. Berman, L. Curry, R. Gusberg, A. Dardik, and L. Fraenkel, “Informed Consent for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: The Patient’s Perspective,” Journal of Vascular Surgery 48, no. 2 (2008): 296–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.03.037.
54 Zed Zha, “Have you ever felt uneasy signing the piece of paper called ‘patient consent’ in your doctor’s office or in the hospital? If so, can you share what an ideal treatment consent should look like? #AskThePatient,” X, February 8, 2024, https://x.com/DrZedZha/status/1755649322375672183.
55 Zha, “Informed patient consent.”
56 Zed Zha, “‘Patient (treatment) consent is there to protect the doctors’ I recently heard someone in medical leadership say. Have you been in a situation where you felt you were not allowed to withdraw your treatment consent once it’s signed? Please comment if comfortable. #AskThePatient,” X, July 1, 2023, https://x.com/DrZedZha/status/1675205853937381380.
57 J. Birkhäuer, J. Gaab, J. Kossowsky, S. Hasler, P. Krummenacher, C. Werner, et al., “Trust in the Health Care Professional and Health Outcome: A Meta-Analysis,” PLoS One 12, no. 2 (2017): e0170988, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170988.
58 J. M. Kelley, G. Kraft-Todd, L. Schapira, J. Kossowsky, and H. Riess, “The Influence of the Patient-Clinician Relationship on Healthcare Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” PLoS One 9, no. 4 (2014): e94207, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094207.
59 C. Rathert, J. N. Mittler, T. J. Vogus, and Y. S. H. Lee, “Better Outcomes Through Patient-Provider Therapeutic Connections? An Exploratory Study of Proposed Mediating Variables,” Social Science and Medicine 338 (December 2023): 116290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116290.
Chapter 3. Patient Blaming
1 Steffen Bieneck and Barbara Krahé, “Blaming the Victim and Exonerating the Perpetrator in Cases of Rape and Robbery: Is There a Double Standard?,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 9 (2011): 1785–97, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510372945.
2 “Who’s Blaming the Victim and Why?,” Department of Family Services, Fairfax County Virginia, February 2024, accessed October 25, 2024, www.fairfaxcounty.gov/familyservices/community-corner/2024-02-whos-blaming-victim-and-why.
3 Steven H. Miles, “Hippocrates and Informed Consent,” Lancet 374, no. 9698 (2009): 1322–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61812-2.
4 Isabella Backman, “From Hysteria to Empowerment,” Yale Medicine Magazine, Spring 2024 (Issue 172), Women’s Health Special Report, https://medicine.yale.edu/news/yale-medicine-magazine/article/from-hysteria-to-empowerment; and Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, “Male and Female Bodies According to Ancient Greek Physicians,” trans. Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet, Clio: Women, Gender, History 37, no. 1 (2013): 21–39, https://doi.org/10.4000/cliowgh.339.
5 M. Tampa, I. Sarbu, C. Matei, V. Benea, and S. R. Georgescu, “Brief History of Syphilis,” Journal of Medicine and Life 7, no. 1 (2014): 4–10, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24653750.
6 “Mental Health: Gender Stereotypes,” March 1987, H MS c261, box 69, Boston Women’s Health Book Collective subject files, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/c/med00085c06308/catalog.
7 Bertram W. Hill, “Mongolism and Its Pathology: An Analysis of Eight Cases,” in The Quarterly Journal of Medicine: Volume II, ed. William Osler, et al. (Oxford University Press, 1909), 49–50, www.google.com/books/edition/The_Quarterly_Journal_of_Medicine/aqhCAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA49.
8 Zed Zha, “Have you ever been labeled ‘noncompliant’ by your doctor/healthcare team? Please comment if comfortable. My recent tweet about this resonated with many people on Twitter in this week’s #AskThePatient poll. Teach us why we should stop labeling and blaming patients in medicine,” X, July 12, 2023, https://x.com/DrZedZha/status/1679092195599474693.
9 Marie T. Brown and Jennifer K. Bussell, “Medication Adherence: WHO cares?,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 86, no. 4 (2011): 304–14, https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0575.
10 “8 Reasons Patients Don’t Take Their Medications,” American Medical Association, February 22, 2023, accessed October 30, 2024, www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/physician-patient-relationship/8-reasons-patients-dont-take-their-medications; and Regina M. Benjamin, “Medication Adherence: Helping Patients Take Their Medicines as Directed,” Public Health Reports 127, no. 1 (2012): 2–3, https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700102.
11 Sharon Brandwein, “The Top Reasons Patients No-Show or Cancel,” The Intake, December 18, 2023, accessed October 30, 2024, www.tebra.com/theintake/practice-operations/patient-scheduling-retention/the-top-reasons-patients-no-show-or-cancel.
12 C. A. Grover, J. W. Elder, R. J. Close, and S. M. Curry, “How Frequently Are ‘Classic’ Drug-Seeking Behaviors Used by Drug-Seeking Patients in the Emergency Department?,” Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 13, no. 5 (2012): 416–21, https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2012.4.11600.
13 “Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA),” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, last modified December 6, 2024, accessed October 29, 2024, www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/legislation/emergency-medical-treatment-labor-act.
14 Uché Blackstock, Legacy: A Black Physician Reckons with Racism in Medicine (Viking, 2024), 97–99.
15 K. Shankar, P. Mitchell, S. Morton, T. James, J. Dugas, B. M. Cole, et al., “92 High Touch, High Trust: Addressing Emergency Department High Utilizers Through Community Health Advocates and Legal Experts,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 78, no. 4 (2021): S37–S38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.101.
16 “Pain,” National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), accessed October 29, 2024, www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/pain; R. Jason Yong, Peter M. Mullins, and Neil Bhattacharyya, “Prevalence of Chronic Pain Among Adults in the United States,” Pain 163, no. 2 (2022): e328–e332, https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002291; and Christine M. Comizio, “Ranking the Most Painful Medical Conditions,” US News & World Report, May 22, 2025, https://health.usnews.com/health-care/patient-advice/slideshows/ranking-the-most-painful-medical-conditions.
